There are three important aspects of drought, which have to be assessed: intensity, duration and extent. Most of authentic world indexes, such as Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal (PN), deciles and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) were designed to clarify intensity and duration of drought. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a very useful tool to determine drought's extent and zoning the iso-intensity regions. In this investigation, PN index was used for zoning drought's intensity in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE. Also long-term time series were used to assess and calculate drought's effects on water resources. Based on PN zoning maps, it can be concluded that more than half of case study's area was faced drought in 32-40% of investigation periods. Also yearly precipitation in different return period's maps shows hardest situation in Torbat-heidarieh, Gonabad, Khaf and Kashmar. Results of time series showed that considerable rainfall of autumn and winter of 1385 did not have any important influence on water resources in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE and therefore could not compensate this region's drought for more than one year period and special management is needed to remove damages.

Today, tourism as one of the main sources of income, has a major role in the economy in the countries with high potential in terms of tourist attractions (natural, social and cultural) have been more interesting. Iran is one of the top ten countries in the world is enjoying the attractions and KHORASAN is one of the most attractive regions of the country. KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE with about 456 points of historical tourism, natural and religious tourism is one of the attractive areas of the country. In addition, the number 30 has been detected in the area of tourism. This appeal requires consideration and planning. So is it with the right capacities to plan accordingly to enjoy the features and attractions of each region to best use And can be used to develop the PROVINCE. Cartographical paper tourism development model in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE With Gunn model )1979) and is presented using GIS. At the beginning of the tourist attractions of the PROVINCE was prepared to identify and map its spatial distribution. After a variety of attractions in 9 categories based on valuation models, participants in the AHP model of KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE in tourism zoning. Top rated on the basis of political divisions in order to benefit from the attractive city of Sabzevar, Mashhad and Nyshabour was dedicated. Finally, based on the classification of each city's large cities were normalized and actual positions. It also displays the rank of a zoning areas also see the value of the various attractions that the results can be based on the amount and level of planning policies in the area of each action, though it can be but different interpretations of the zoning presented as a suitable and efficient model in the Spatial planning of tourism and the macro level, the tourism sector, especially tourism will be useful for policy makers.

Introduction: To expedite the process of treatment, recovery of patients and prevention of medical adverse effects, dentists should be aware of prescription errors. This study aimed to investigate prescription behavior of dentists and common prescription errors by dentists in RAZAVI KHORASAN PROVINCE. Materials& Methods: In this study, 1108 prescriptions by dentists in RAZAVI KHORASAN PROVINCE from Fenruary 2016 to July 2016, from Social Security and Therapeutic Services insurance organizations were evaluated. To collect data, a list was prepared, consisting of drug forms, drug names, drug doses, intervals of administration, route of administration, drug interferences and the number of items in each prescription. Furthermore, the lack of date, dentist’ s signature or seal, and illegibility of the prescription were recorded in the error list of the prescription. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher’ s exact tests. Results: Most errors were related to incorrect drug form (17. 3%), incorrect route of administration (10. 9%) and incorrect dose (10. 4%). The mean number of medications prescribed per patient was 2. 36. Antibiotics (50. 7%) and antiinflammatory drugs (33. 5%) were respectively the most commonly prescribed medications. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that the performance of dentists in RAZAVI KHORASAN PROVINCE was appropriate in terms of the number of drugs prescribed per patient; however, the number of prescribed antibiotics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs was higher than the reports in other countries. Given the high percentage of errors in prescriptions, it is highly recommended that the prescription behavior be included in the curricula of dentistry and be emphasized in continuous education programs for dentists.

Kasf forest, with an area of over 12 ha, running in the east-west direction and located at a distance of 20 kilometers in the north of the city of Bardaskan in a mountainous arid region. The minimum and maximum temperature of the area ranges between -10oC and +45oC. The average annual precipitation of the region is 155 mm. The altitude of the forest is about 1600 m above sea level with a 15% slope. The vegetation of this forest was studied using floristic methods 2 years after a devastative fire and life forms and geographical distributions of plant species were determined. Sixty nine plant species belonged to 29 families (25 Dicots, 3 monocots and one gymnosperm). The largest families were the Lamiaceae with 11, Asteraceae with 9 and Caryophyllaceae with 5 species. The percentages of life forms were determined as follows: Therophytes with 36% (25 species), Hemicryptophytes with 29% (20 species), Chamaephytes with 16% (11 species), Phanerophytes with 13% (9 species) and Cryptophytes with 6% (4 species) of total investigated species. The high percentage of Hemicryptophytes indicated the dominance of cold mountainous climate and the presence of Asteraceae species such as harmala (Peganum harmala) showed that a severe disturbance had taken place in the region, which indicated a poor ecological administration in the studied region.

This study was carried out to investigate the factors influencing on farmers' savings in Multinomial Logit model framework and using a cross sectional data of 153 farmers that selected by random sampling in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE in 2010. The dependent variable included four categories with saving under 2 millions, between 2 and 5 millions, between 5 and 10 and more than 10 millions Rls. Reference class is fourth class of savings. Results showed that the variables of farm ownership, household size and annual revenue had negative and age, first and second levels of diversity and distance of village from nearby towns had positive effect on farmers' saving. Experience of farmers, household size and annual revenue had negative and variables of age, two level of agricultural activities diversity and distance of village from nearby towns had positive and significant effect on farmers' choice on the second class saving to the fourth class saving. Variables of average experience of farmers, size of farm, annual revenue had negative and significant effect and variables of second level of agricultural activities diversity and distance of village from nearby towns had positive and significant effect on farmers' choice on the third class saving to the fourth class saving. Based on the results of study suggestions for increasing saving of farmers are presented.

Background: All over the world motorcycle accident are one of the major causes of road death and injury. This study aimed to determine the pattern of Motorcycle Fatal Accidents in Mashhad-Iran.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2006 to analyze the epidemiological pattern of the motorcycle accident in Mashhad, North-Eastern Iran. Three hundred fifty cases of motorcycle accidents were included. Data gathering tool was a standard questionnaire. The compiled data were analyzed using SPSS11 and c2 test. The significance level was considered 0.05 in all statistical tests.Results: In the time span of the study, 350 cases of motorcycle accident occurred, most of which happened at 8pm to 12pm. In 119 cases, the motorcyclist was the blameful rider. Generally, 84.2% of the motorcycle riders did not have safety helmets. About two third of blameful motorcycle riders (63.1%) were less than 25 years old. The major cause of the accidents (55.1%) was due to neglecting the Yield Right of Way. Motorcycle riders endanger pedestrian, other drivers, passengers and their own life.Conclusion: Paying attention to cultural and instructional issues of correct motorcycle riding and performing appropriate monitoring in traffic and transportation system such as honoring our and others safety and setting limitations on using this vehicle by the youth is of great importance.

In this research, applied synoptic model for determining the average daily temperature and its relationship with the Geopotential Height in middle level (500 HPa). Therefore, two database were used: database of atmospheric circulations, includes the data of geopotential height at 500 HPa and its data were extracted from the NCEP/DOE(US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in hours 00: 00; 03: 00; 06: 00; 09: 00; 12: 00; 15: 00; 18: 00; and 21: 00 in Zulu and other, database of environmental (surface) events. Contain of average daily temperature in the Mashhad, Torbat-Heydarieh and Sabzevar stations in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE. The maximum and minimum of these stations in the time interval from 01/01/1987 to 01/01/2014 equal as 9862 days from the meteorological organization of Iran. Then, was calculated the correlation of the average daily temperature of selected stations with high atmospheric data (500 HPa level) with the northern hemisphere in Surfer Software. The result shown, four regions in the northern hemisphere which had high correlations with selected stations. The correlation results suggest that the United States has 25 pixels, Northern China 25 pixels, Africa 45 pixels and Japan with 65 pixels. Then, weighted average of pixels in heights by multiple regression equation station. The results of diagnostic models indicate that, per geopotential height increase in the profile, the average daily temperatures of selected stations in the Sabzevar 1. 4, Torbat-Heydarieh 1. 3 and Mashhad 1. 3 degrees Celsius will increase.

Background: Dog is known to act as definitive host for some parasites that cause important diseases in man and animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Neospora caninum and other intestinal parasites in dogs in KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done concerning frequency of N. canium and other intestinal parasites in dogs in Mashhad area. Totally, 174 fecal samples from 89 farm dogs and 85 household dogs were collected from 2006 to 2007. Fecal samples were examined for detecting intestinal parasites by Mini Parasep®SF faecal parasite concentrator in Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.Results: The overall prevalence of other intestinal parasites in farm dogs and household dogs were 29.21% and 14.11%, respectively. Seven parasites were found in farm dogs as follows: Toxocara canis 17.9%, Taenia sp. 10.1% , Strongyloides stercoralis 5.6%, Hammondia Neospora- like oocysts (HNLO) 4.4% , Isospora sp. 7.8 %, Sarcocystis sp. 7.8 % and Giardia sp. 1.1% and four parasite in housed dogs: Toxocara. 4.4%, Taenia sp. 3.3 % , Isospora sp. 2.3 % and Sarcocystis sp. 4.7 %. The fecal samples with HNLO were examined by N. caninum –specific PCR, and two of samples were positive for N. caninum.Conclusion: The farm and household dogs are the source of some important zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases in Iran.

The reduction in regional differences to stop the movement and displacement of human forces and capital in the direction of preparing the ground for development is very effective. Development means boosting human potentials for the improved utilization of his environment. Rational utilization depends on economical, social and cultural particulars. Therefore any kind of condition that is effective in the improvement of region’s capabilities will lead to the preparation of the ground for regional development. Immigration, poverty, low production and efficiency, joblessness and … in  areas of the region is the result of inefficient performance of economical, social and cultural foundations, agricultural depression, disorganized growth of population and discriminatory policies and the low level of enjoying fundamental facilities and productions. Therefore, the study of economical and social indicators and the determination of the areas benefit are very urgent in the direction of finalizing development guidelines. The present study has been performed with the aim of recognizing development condition of areas in the PROVINCE and recognizing the challenges and direction of areas development. The results of the study indicate that there is an inharmonious development in areas and deprivation of regions bordering the northern part of the PROVINCE and the border lines.